THEPEOPLE'SREPUBLICOFCHINAisacountrywithalonghistoryandancientcivilization.Asearlyas4,000BC,thereweresettlementsintherangeofYellowRiver.ChinesealwaystelltheirhistoryfromtheXiaDynasty,whichbeganinthe21stcenturyBCandwasfollowedbyalltheddynastiesuntil1911whenSunYat-senwasproclaimedthepresidentoftheRepublicofChina.In1921,theCommunistPartyofChinawasfounded.Afterthis,thecommunistcooperatedwithSunYat-sen'sNationalists,butbrokewiththeNationalistafterSundied.ThentheCommunistPartybegantoestablishitsarmy,calledasRedArmy.ShortlybeforetheAnti-JapaneseWar(1936-1945)theRedArmyformallyestablishedThroughprotractedandarduousstruggleundertheleadershipofthepartyandherchairman,MaoZedong,theChinesepeoplefoundedthePeople'sRepublicofChinain1949.After1949,ThePeople'sRepublicofChina(alsocalledasNewChinalocally)experiencedtheKoreaWallwithAmericans,andabout10yearsrapidgrowingperiod,andthensuffereda3-yearlonghardtimebecauseofnaturaldisastersandwithdrawofSovietUnion'said.From1966-1976Chinahadits"CulturalRevolution",anation-widemovementagainstfeudalism(alsoincludingreligion)andcapitalism.Asaresult,China'seconomywasstopped.After1978,whenMr.DengXiaopingcameintothetopleader,Chinabeganareformandopeningprogram,andhasenjoyeda20yearsofrapiddevelopment. 　　儒学: 　　ConfucianismwastheofficialphilosophythroughoutmostofImperialChina'shistory,andmasteryofConfuciantextswastheprimarycriterionforentryintotheimperialbureaucracy.China'straditionalvalueswerederivedfromvariousversionsofConfucianism.Anumberofmoreauthoritarianstrainsofthoughthavealsobeeninfluential,suchasLegalism. 　　艺术,学术,文学: 　　ChinesecharactershavehadmanyvariantsandstylesthroughoutChinesehistory.Tensofthousandsofancientwrittendocumentsarestillextant,fromoraclebonestoQingedicts.ThisliteraryemphasisaffectedthegeneralperceptionofculturalrefinementinChina,e.g.theviewthatcalligraphywasahigherartformthanpaintingordrama.ManuscriptsoftheClassicsandreligioustexts(mainlyConfucian,Taoist,andBuddhist)werehandwrittenbyinkbrush. 　　Calligraphylaterbecamecommercialized,andworksbyfamousartistsbecameprizedpossessions.Chineseliteraturehasalongpast;theearliestclassicworkinChinese,theIChingor"BookofChanges"datestoaround1000BC.AflourishingofphilosophyduringtheWarringStatesPeriodproducedsuchnoteworthyworksasConfucius'sAnalectsandLaozi'sTaoTeChing.(Seealso:theChineseclassics.)Dynastichistorieswereoftenwritten,beginningwithSimaQian'sseminalRecordsoftheHistorian,whichwaswrittenfrom109BCto91BC. 　　TheTangDynastywitnessedapoeticflowering,whiletheFourGreatClassicalNovelsofChineseliteraturewerewrittenduringtheMingandQingDynasties.PrintmakingintheformofmovabletypewasdevelopedduringtheSongDynasty.Academiesofscholarssponsoredbytheempirewereformedtocommentontheclassicsinbothprintedandhandwrittenform.Royaltyfrequentlyparticipatedinthesediscussionsaswell. 　　TheSongDynastywasalsoaperiodofgreatscientificliterature,andsawthecreationofworkssuchasSuSong'sXinYixiangFayaoandShenKuo'sDreamPoolEssays.Therewerealsoenormouswork