问题标题:
英语翻译公元842年,吐蕃王朝因王室内讧和部族之间、将领之间的混战而分裂瓦解,出现众多互不统属的地方势力.它们各占一方,互相征伐,战争连绵持续了400余年.13世纪初,蒙古族领袖成吉思汗
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英语翻译
公元842年,吐蕃王朝因王室内讧和部族之间、将领之间的混战而分裂瓦解,出现众多互不统属的地方势力.它们各占一方,互相征伐,战争连绵持续了400余年.13世纪初,蒙古族领袖成吉思汗在中国北部建立蒙古汗国.1247年,萨迦派高僧班智达·贡嘎坚赞同蒙古汗国皇子阔端在凉州(今甘肃武威)议定了西藏诸部归顺蒙古汗国和接受所规定的地方行政制度的内容;萨迦地方政权建立.1271年,蒙古汗政权定国号为元,并于1279年统一全中国,建立了统一的中央政权,西藏成为中国元朝中央政府直接治理下的一个行政区域.1260年,元朝皇帝忽必烈(1215-1294年)即蒙古汗王位后,封贡嘎坚赞的侄子、萨迦派法王八思巴为国师.1264年,忽必烈设释教总制院,命八思巴以国师身份兼领院事.在总制院(后改宣政院)下,设有“宣慰使司都元帅府”,负责处理和管辖现今西藏大部分地区的军政事务.宣慰使司下面辖有管理民政的万户府、千户所.1265年,忽必烈封八思巴为大宝法王、帝师,并通过八思巴举荐,任命了总管西藏事务的行政长官和13个万户府的万户长.1268年、1287年和1334年,元朝中央曾三次派官员在西藏清查户口,还在西藏地区设立了15个驿站,联成通往大都(今北京)的交通线,推行并确立了西藏地方的“乌拉”(意为徭役、差役)制度.历代中央政府对西藏的管辖自13世纪中叶西藏地区正式归入元朝版图后,中国虽然经历了几代王朝的兴替,多次更换中央政权,但西藏一直处于中央政府的管辖之下.14世纪中叶,萨迦地方政权逐渐衰落."
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李现明回答:
A.D.842years,fromancientnameforTibetDynastyroyalcivilstrifeandtribal,betweengeneralsdividedupbetweenthenation,therearemanylocalforcesdonotreunification.Theyeachside,eachgoonapunitiveexpedition,thewarlastedmorethan400yearsrunning.Intheearly13thcentury,GenghisKhanMongolianleadersintheestablishmentoftheMongolianEmpireinnorthernChina.1247,theSagyahighBanzhidaGonggarCaineendorsedwide-PrinceinTibetMongoliaEmpire(todayGansus)agreedtoacceptTibetZhubucenterMongolianEmpireandunderthelocaladministrationsystem;Sagyalocalpowerestablishment.1271,theMongolianKhanoftheYuanDingguoregimeandunifiedthewholeofChinain1279toestablishaunifiedcentralgovernment,TibethasbecomeChina'sYuandynastyunderthedirectmanagementofanadministrativeregion.1260,YuandynastyemperorKhan(1215-1294),MongoliaKhanthrone,lettersGonggaryearhistorynephew,SagyakingBasaibaforNationalDivision.1264,the12thoverallsystemhospital-based,lifeBasaibatoNationalDivisionstatushandlercenter.Inthetotalsystemcenter(laterchangedXuanzhengcenter),a"salutetoMarshal'sDivision,"dealingwiththejurisdictionandthecurrentmilitaryandpoliticalaffairsinmostpartsofTibet.ShowthattheHomeSecretaryispresidingoverthemanagementofthe10,000householdsHouse,thethousandhouseholds.1265,12thletterstothePoBasibatold,theWestdivision,andthroughBasaibarecommendtheappointmentofaChiefExecutiveOfficerandTibetanAffairs13millionatthe10,000headsofhousehold.1268,1287and1334,YuandynastyCentralhadsentthreeofficialsinTibetinventoryaccounts,Tibetalsoestablished15station,agatewaytothemostly(todayBeijing),linesofcommunication,promoteandestablishTibet"Ula"(Italianforthecorvee,runner)system.SuccessivecentraltothejurisdictionofTibetTibetsincethemid-13thcenturyYuandynastyofficiallyclassifiedterritory,althoughChinahasexperiencedseveralgenerationsoftheriseandfallofacountrydynasty,thecentralgovernmenthasrepeatedlyreplacement,butTibethasbeenunderthejurisdictionofthecentralgovernment.Mid-14thcentury,Sagyalocalregimegraduallydecline."
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