Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas"Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea".

Beforethenineteenthcenturyscientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbe?tween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritingsbuthewasre?luctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremoteandwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravel?ersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromtheseatherewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutitletalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion"Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?"hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineerhadtoknowthedepthprofile(起伏形状)oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturnedin1853forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840sMauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings(测深)weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.LatersomeofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhys?icalGeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaidbutnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattemptsthecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowthsafactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedi?tion(考察)，whichlastedforfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafivevolumereportthelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.

( )5.AccordingtothepassagewhoaskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies?

   A.TheAmericanNavy.

   B.Someearlyintercontinentaltravelers.

   C.Thosewhoearnedalivingfromthesea.

   D.Thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable.

( )6.TheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleforinthe1840swas       .

   A.tomakesomesoundin