文章1: 　　Beforewegoanyfurther,let'sremindourselvesofwhatannounphraseis.Mydefinitionis: 　　Anounphraseiseitherapronounoranygroupofwordsthatcanbereplacedbyapronoun.Forexample,'they','cars',and'thecars'arenounphrases,but'car'isjustanoun,asyoucanseeinthesesentences(inwhichthenounphrasesareallinbold) 　　Q:Doyoulikecars? 　　A:Yes,Ilikethem. 　　Q:Doyoulikethecarsoverthere? 　　A:Yes,theyarenice. 　　Q:DoyoulikethecarIboughtlastweek? 　　A:Yes,Ilikeit.(Note:'It'refersto'thecar',not'car') 　　Ifyouarealittlepuzzledatthispoint,tryandthinkofsomefurtherexamplesofnounphrasesusingthedefinitionabove,andcompareyourexampleswithsimplenouns. 　　Thestructureofnounphrases. 　　... 　　... 　　... 　　全文见: 　　--------------------------------------------------------------- 　　文章2: 　　Noticethatseveralformsclassescanbe"reused."Forexample,inthenounphraseitispossibletousequantifierstofunctionaspre-determinersoraspost-determiners.Thiskindof"recycling"isknownasrecursion.Noticealsothatphrasesandevenwholeclausescanbe"recycled"intothenounphrase.Thisprocessofplacingaphraseofclausewithinanotherphraseofclauseiscalledembedding.Itisthroughtheprocessesofrecursionandembeddingthatweareabletotakeafinitenumberofforms(wordsandphrases)andconstructaninfinitenumberofexpressions.Furthermore,embeddingalsoallowsustoconstructaninfinitelylongstructure,intheoryanyway. 　　全文见: 　　--------------------------------------------------------------- 　　文章3: 　　Nounphrasesnormallyconsistofaheadnoun,whichisoptionallymodified("premodified"Ifthemodifierisplacedbeforethenoun;"postmodified"ifthemodifierisplacedafterthenoun).Possiblemodifiersinclude: 　　determiners:articles(the,a),demonstratives(this,that),numerals(two,five,etc.),possessives(my,their,etc.),andquantifiers(some,many,etc.).InEnglish,determinersareusuallyplacedbeforethenoun; 　　adjectives(theredball);or 　　complements,intheformofaprepositionalphrase(suchas:thestudentofphysics),oraThat-clause(theclaimthattheearthisround); 　　modifiers;premodifiersifplacedbeforethenounandusuallyeitherasnouns(theuniversitystudent)oradjectives(thebeautifullady),orpostmodifiersifplacedafterthenoun.Apostmodifiermaybeeitheraprepositionalphrase(themanwithlonghair)orarelativeclause(thehousewhereIlive).Thedifferencebetweenmodifiersandcomplementsisthatcomplementscompletethemeaningofthenoun;complementsarenecessary,whereasmodifiersareoptionalbecausetheyjustgiveadditionalinformationaboutthenoun. 　　Thatnounphrasescanbeheadedbyelementsotherthannouns—forinstance,pronouns(Theycame)ordeterminers((I'lltakethese))—hasgivenrisetothepostulationofaDeterminer 　　全文见: