问题标题：
英语翻译Outwardlydirectednormalstressesarecalledtensionortensilestressesandareconsideredpositive.Shearstressesonapositivefaceofanelementarepositiveiftheyactinthepositivedirectionofareferenceaxis;suchisthecase
问题描述：
英语翻译
Outwardlydirectednormalstressesarecalledtensionortensilestressesandareconsideredpositive.Shearstressesonapositivefaceofanelementarepositiveiftheyactinthepositivedirectionofareferenceaxis;suchisthecaseinFig.2-1a.Thefirstsubscriptofashear-stresscomponentisthecoordinatenormaltotheelementface.Theshear-stresscomponentosparalleltotheaxisofthesecondsubscript.Sincetheelementshownisinstaticequilibrium,thenegativefaceswillhaveshearstressesactingintheoppositedirection;thesearealsoconsideredpositive.
高景刚回答：
向外的正应力是拉伸或拉伸应力和剪切应力被认为是积极的.在一个元素的正面积极的如果他们的行为在一个基准轴的正方向；在fig.2-1a.the第一下标剪切应力分量的坐标单元法线面临的情况就是这样.剪应力分量操作系统平行...
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