字典翻译 问答 小学 英语 Theneedforasurgical（外科的）operationespeciallyanemergencyoperationalmostalwayscomesasahorribleshocktothepatientandhisfamily.Despitemodernadvancesmostpeoplestillhaveanirrationalfearofhospitals
问题标题：
Theneedforasurgical（外科的）operationespeciallyanemergencyoperationalmostalwayscomesasahorribleshocktothepatientandhisfamily.Despitemodernadvancesmostpeoplestillhaveanirrationalfearofhospitals
问题描述：

Theneedforasurgical（外科的）operationespeciallyanemergencyoperationalmostalwayscomesasahorribleshocktothepatientandhisfamily.Despitemodernadvancesmostpeoplestillhaveanirrationalfearofhospitalsandsurgeries.

Intheearlyyearsoflastcenturytherewaslittlespecializationinsurgery.Agoodsurgeonwasskillfultoperformalmosteveryoperationthathadbeendevisedup（invented）tothattime.Todaythesituationisdifferent.Operationsarenowbeingcarriedoutthatwerenotevendreamedoffiftyyearsago.Theheartcanbesafelyopenedanditspartsrepaired.Cloggedbloodvessels（血管）canbecleanedoutandbrokenonesmendedorreplaced.Alungthewholestomachorevenpartofthebraincanberemovedandstillpermitthepatienttoliveacomfortableandsatisfactorylife.

Therangeofsurgeryhasincreasedremarkablyin20thcentury.Itssafetyhasincreasedtoo.Deathsfrommostoperationsareabout20%ofwhattheywerein1910andsurgeryhascomeinmanydirectionsforexampletocertaintypesofbirthdefectsinnewbornbabiesandattheotherendofthescaletolife-savingoperationsfortheeighty-ninetyyearsolds.Thehospital-stayaftersurgeryhasbeenshortenedtoaslittleasaweekformostmajoroperations.

Manydevelopmentsinmodernsurgeryaresimplywonders.Theyincludethereplacementofdamagedbloodvesselsandheartpartswithonesmadeofplastic;thetransplantingoftissuessuchasthelensoftheeye.

Oneoftherecentandthemostrevolutionaryareasofmodernsurgeryisthatoforgan（器官）transplants.Untilafewyearsagonopersonexceptanidenticaltwinwasabletoacceptintohisbodythetissuesofanotherpersonwithoutreactingagainstthemandeventuallycausingdeath.Recentlyhoweverithasbeendiscoveredthatwiththeuseofx-raysandspecialdrugsitispossibletotransplanttissuesfromonepersontoanotherwhichwillsurviveforperiodsofayearormore.Kidneys（肾）havebeensuccessfullytransplantedbetweennon-identicaltwins.Heartandlungtransplantshavebeenreasonablysuccessfulinanimalsthoughanti-bodyproblemsinhumanshaveyettobesolved.

“Spareparts”surgerythesimplereplacementofallworn-outorgansbynewonesisstilladreamofthefutureunderpeople’searnest

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